β-Amyloid precursor protein (βAPP), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and tumor
necrosis factor-α (TNFα) are remarkably pleiotropic neural cytokines/neurotrophic factors
that orchestrate intricate injury-related cellular and molecular interactions. The links between
these three factors include: their responses to injury; their interactive effects on astrocytes,
microglia and neurons; their ability to induce cytoprotective responses in neurons; and their
association with cytopathological alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Astrocytes and …